Part of the reason why managed care has such a bad reputation is the public's lack of understanding of their own choice and involvement in making decisions within managed care.  Patient involvement in their own health care is essential in a market-based health care environment.  It benefits the patient not only in the short-term (i.e., that the patient has control over his/her own care), but also in the long-term in that once they know and understand how managed care truly works or does not work (as opposed to misconceptions), their active involvement can only serve to improve how managed care is structured and functions.  Certainly there will always be consumer advocacy groups that will lobby for patient choice and rights, as well as groups to lobby for the other stakeholders in managed care, i.e., providers and MCOs.  Patients potentially have the most power over legislation.  Yet, as long as patients are convinced that they do not have choices, they may feel that there is no point to even searching for information.  Being informed of the reality of their choice, or lack of choice, most benefits their "cause" for quality health care that is affordable and accessible.

The results of this project show that there is a wealth of information available on the internet and that patients and employers do indeed have choices.  The problems one might have encountered five or ten years ago with managed care should not occur today with the legislation designed to protect patient rights to choice in health care and with the media's sensitivity to managed care horror stories.  Naturally, the source of the information is key to understanding the information and the perspective through which it should be interpreted.  There are also plenty of groups who do not support managed care and whose experiences testify to the lack of choice within managed care.  Of these, many are providers who understandably resist managed care.  It is up to patients to decide what is best for themselves amidst the political and personal agendas behind various groups.

Your Guide to Managed Care by Health Pages

Rate: 5
Excellent site providing definitions, concepts and background information on managed care, as well
as what to look for in health plans and links to other sites, such as the NCQA.  This is probably the
most comprehensive, objective information to be found for the consumer.

American Federation of State,County and Municipal Employees
Rate: 5
This site gives a series of fact sheets concerning patient protection in managed care.  Some of the
topics are:  Quality, Access and Affordability; Enrollment and Premium Trends in Managed Care;
Choice of Providers and Plan: Access to Specialists; Using Purchasing Power to Improve Quality;
Patient Protection Legislation.  Sponsored by the American Federation of State, County and
Municipal Employees (AFSCME), which is “the nation's largest public employee and health care
workers union”, the information is given from the perspective of a union members.  However, the
principles can be applied to patients/employees whether they belong to a union or not.  The last two
sheets are the most useful to influence change.

American Center for Patient Decisionmaking
Rate:  4
This site is by the American Center for Patient Decisionmaking (ACPD), which is non-profit
organization funded by contributions, grants, fundraising and by charging for their services on a FFS
basis. This center offers three main services:  1) to help gather, and decipher the terminology in, the
information available on treatment options for various conditions; 2) once a treatment program has
been decided, to find the right physician or hospital to receive treatment, by analyzing data available
on health outcomes and measures (patient satisfaction, survival rates, length-of stay, etc.); and 3)
advocate for the patient, with MCOs, hospitals, or medical staff from other countries.  For the lay
person, the information this center provides is probably the most critical and helpful, particular in a
managed care environment that fosters distrust for one’s own physician’s and MCO’s motives.
Although this excludes a significant population of people who cannot afford their services, it provides
a tremendous service to those who can.  This is about as unbiased and pro-patient as professional,
medical opinions come today.  Because the organization is non-profit, it immediately gives the reader
a sense of relief that the center is not in this for the money (although I do not know what their hourly
fee is).

This site provides a link to a potentially powerful source of information, and I believe that it is
sincerely geared towards helping people make an informed decision about their health care.  Its
perspective is that of empathy and understanding for the process of making decisions in a medical
crisis.  The only drawback to this site is its readability; every word in the document is blue and
underlined (making it difficult to read if you do not have 20/200 vision, but probably easy to read, if
you do), giving the false impression that they are all links to other sites.

Health Care Financing Administration's Plan and Provider Home Page
Rate: 4
A site for plans and providers concerned with Medicare, Medicaid and Child Health issues.  Plenty
of information, with an index to find things easily.  Of interest to consumers is the section on Quality
of Care.  There are summaries of various legislative acts and issues of concern for providers and
health plans (payment systems, fraud, data exchange), as well as links to plenty of other sources of
information (national statistics, various studies, publications, etc.).

Physicians Who Care
Rate: 3
This site is definitely anti-managed care, as depicted by its first sentence:  “HMOs have introduced a
novel innovation in American Health care: incentives for physicians not to treat patients.”  Sponsored
by “Physicians Who Care”, this is a clear example of how politcally saturated and how divided the
different stakeholders are over the issue of health care reform.  This site serves as a forum for
patients and physicians to voice their complaints, which is a necessary part of having a competitive
market place approach to health care.  To be realistic, and perhaps a little cynical, physicians have to
foster an anti-managed care feeling among patients, if they want to influence change (e.g., return to
FFS health care) in their favor.  This site does provide recent news and links to other pro-patient
resources, but depending on your perspective, all of the information has a managed-care-is-bad twist
to it.  If you are a patient looking for empathy or a way to voice your frustration, this may be the
vehicle to do so; how constructive it will be is debatable.

HMO Buyers Zone
Rate: 2
This is the “HMO Buyers Zone” for businesses shopping around for an HMO.  The information this
site provides is broken into 5 areas:  The Buyers Guide, Industry Lingo, Where to Buy, Buyers
Forum and the Resource Center.  Although the site has some flaws, overall, it does point out that
employers have a choice in choosing a health plan.

Advantages:
If I were a business looking for an HMO, I might use this as a first step but then go to other sources
for more reliable facts.  The Industry Lingo contains 6 terms, so although it is useful, having only 6
terms defined leaves too many undefined.  The Resource Center suggests 2 buyers guide type books
and a link to the American Association of Health Plans and the NCQA.
Disadvantages:
The Where to Buy page was not very useful.  I attempted putting in a request using various
combinations of local zip codes and number of employees (their choices were: <10, 10-50 and >50)
and the reply was the same each time, saying that there were no matches for my request, fill in the
information below to be contacted when the information is available.  The Buyers Forum has a Q&A
forum and a Buyers Ratings, which are based only on buyers’ opinion, which is a good idea, but the
rating for most plans listed were based on one response  The Q&A forum is also a good idea, but
the responses to questions posted varied from 3-day to 2-month response; other questions (posted
in 1997) never received a response.  Whether they did receive a response through a different
medium such as a personal e-mail or telephone call is unclear, but the purpose of posting the question
is to post the response in a timely fashion, so that it is useful to the person asking and the public.

Documents
MedHelpInternational
Rate: 5
Excellent overview for the patient to understand the issues and choices involved in health care.   This
highlights the fact that patients do have a choice in choosing a health plan.

The Library of Congress - Senate Bill 1890 : Patients' Bill of Rights Act of 1998
The Library of Congress - House of Representatives Bill 4250 : Patient Protection Act of 1998
Rate: 5
The homepage is a library of legislation.  These two addresses should locate the legislation pertinent
to protecting patient rights.  [Sometimes I’ve found that the address changes, so if these don’t work,
go to the homepage of this site http://thomas.loc.gov and from there, under Legislation, select
Previous under “Bill Summary & Status” or “Bill Text”; then select 105 (1997-1998) and either
“S.1890” or “H.R.4250” by bill number, or search by word/phrase and use “patients bill of rights”.
Searching by word/phrase will give more documents to choose from.]

President's Advisory Commissionon Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry
Rate: 5
This is the Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities:  Report to the President of the United States,
Prepared by Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry.

The Commonwealth Fund : Employees Lack Options Among Health Plans
Rate: 4
This is a summary of a presentation, entitled “Employees Lack Options Among Health Plans”, given
by the president of the Commonwealth Fund in an effort to show the President’s Advisory
Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry that most Americans
are not given a choice of health plans by their employer.
 
Note: The information below may contain additional relevant materials and documents. Some of the information may be duplicate. The evaluations depend on both the student doing the review and the information contained at the time of the review. Sites are subject to change!